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Column: Who wants cupcakes?

The toughest part about watching Boise State football, especially this part of the season, is that it gets boring. The Broncos played the New Mexico State Aggies Saturday and won 59-0; no surprise at all. I’m not surprised that the Aggies were not once inside the Broncos red zone and earned a total of 208 yards of total offense.

On the flip-side, the Broncos managed 608 yards of total offense. The thing about it though is that game was so boring. I watched the game with some friends and we probably watched a total of one quarter, sporadically while flipping from the Alabama-Florida game and the Stanford-Oregon game. Eventually we were just watching the Cardinal and the Ducks and during commercials, flipping back to the Bronco’s game.

I feel a little bad because I question my fan-hood as a BSU student when I say, “let’s watch something else.” The fact is, watching the Oregon-Stanford was a much more exciting, entertaining game.

Here is the thing though. In the four years now that I’ve been at Boise State, there have been virtually no middle games. It’s either a HUGE or low game.

Huge games like the Virginia Tech and Oregon State this season for example. The Oregon game and the Fiesta Bowl last year. The Oregon game the year before that. There are many more games I could mention that are prepped with hype.

These sort of games get us on this high because there is so much build-up and in most cases, Boise State has won those games. When BSU plays a cupcake team, like New Mexico State, a game that has zero hype, there is not a whole lot to look forward too.

The low games are the ones that you know are no contest. The football game Saturday is a perfect example of that. It was over before it started. The score was 31-0 at halftime. The second team for both offense and defense were playing by the second quarter. The back-up quarterback for Boise State, Mike Coughlin, scored the game’s first touchdown. When a game has such a low competition rate, it’s just tough to get excited about it when you KNOW the outcome before the opening kickoff.

When there is so much excitement for a game like Oregon State, i.e. ESPN College Game Day coming to Boise, the primetime slot on the ABC network, it does not compare to playing New Mexico St. and watching it on the WAC Sports Network. Which by the way was an awful broadcast. Almost every moment I was watching, there was something that made me say out loud, “Come on WSN, get it together!”

I wonder if the players were even bored with that game. The fact that a BSU game is almost not even worth watching brings back the discussion of Boise State’s easy schedule. It is an easy schedule. It’s so easy that people don’t even care to watch. It’s not Boise’s fault that their schedule is so cupcake that you could invite a bunch of kids, party hats, and have pin the tail on the donkey. They’ve done all that they possibly can to play tougher teams.

For this season, they get to say their farewells to most WAC schools before moving onto the Mountain West. If compared to a ’90s rock metal, hair band, they nailed their first show and did not destroy the hotel room.

The season will be almost all cupcake. San Jose in two weeks will be very similar to the NMSU game. Fresno State is always fun, same with Hawai’i and Utah State. I look forward to Nevada the most. They are ranked No. 21 in the country and will have that hype I talked about. Until then, the baker will be busy with all these cupcakes.

Posted in Football, Other, SportsComments Off on Column: Who wants cupcakes?

Red-zone struggles a concern for Florida’s offense

Red-zone struggles a concern for Florida’s offense

The Gators won the yardage and time of possession battles Saturday against the Crimson Tide, but Florida still lost the game.

UF’s struggles inside the red zone were the biggest reason for that.

Of four opportunities inside the Alabama 20-yard line, two resulted in field goals and two resulted in turnovers.

An interception in Alabama’s end zone and a botched handoff on Alabama’s one-yard line ruined two chances to put points on the scoreboard.

“The red-zone scoring, that’s a whole different ball game,” coach Urban Meyer said. “If we don’t throw those picks and have red-zone efficiency, we are in that [game].”

No. 14 Florida used freshman wildcat quarterback Trey Burton near the goal line again Saturday. But instead of scoring six touchdowns like he did against Kentucky the week prior, Burton threw an interception in the end zone on a 4th-and-goal jump pass.

“I knew it was on the road, I knew points were going to be at a premium against that offense,” Meyer said of the play call. “We had significant momentum going there so we wanted to score touchdowns.”

The next red-zone turnover came in the third quarter when quarterback John Brantley tripped over offensive lineman Carl Johnson and fumbled the exchange with running back Emmanuel Moody.

Part of the problem was a lack of balance with the play-calling. The Gators ran the ball eight times and threw it just three times when they were inside the Tide’s 20-yard line.

Leaders need to emerge: Meyer is playing the waiting game.

After the loss against Alabama, some players were vocal in the locker room. But Meyer won’t know who the team’s leaders are until Saturday’s game against No. 12 LSU.

“Some leadership really stepped up in there,” he said. “But it’s easy to stand up and say something. Now you have to be a grown man and back everything up. So I’m anxious to watch them.”

Senior center Mike Pouncey was one of the players who made his voice heard after the loss, but he reiterated there isn’t a clear leader on the team just yet.

“A lot of people said a lot of things,” Pouncey said. “The main message was just believe in each other and we’ll get through this tough loss.”

Following UF’s loss to Auburn in 2006, Meyer said he remembers a lot of players screaming and yelling. After its loss to Ole Miss in 2008, he remembers a dejected group.

But this time, he is still waiting for leaders to step up.

“[The leaders are] to be determined,” he said. “There were some good things said, but we all can walk up and say good things.”

Injuries: After Saturday’s crushing loss, the Gators finally received some good news.

Running back Mike Gillislee, who stood on the sideline with crutches the entire second half, was diagnosed with a bone bruise after many thought he suffered a high ankle sprain. Meyer said he is probable for Saturday’s game against LSU.

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Column: The Facebook love triangle

Column: The Facebook love triangle

I deleted my Facebook in July. I did so when I realized that I only spoke to about five percent of the people I had listed as friends, and that no one actually cares that I just made awesome guacamole or that I slept through calculus again (barring the creepy guy from work who probably doesn’t need to know more about me as it is).

Since I’ve closed my account, certain drawbacks to having one have become apparent to me. And of those, the most obvious is how awkward Facebook makes all your relationships — especially the more-than-friendly ones.

The complications start immediately, as you start becoming interested in someone. You know you’re navigating their page all the time, so you end up reading most of their status updates. Then you have to feign ignorance when they discuss those things with you in real life because you don’t want to seem like you’ve been stalking them (regardless of whether you actually have or haven’t). It’s a vicious cycle. Don’t pretend that you don’t do it.

Case in point, consider this sublimely awkward exchange, a conversation I had last semester:

Me: Oh, so this is your free haircut? It looks nice!

Jason: How did you know it was free?

Me: Didn’t you tell me it was?

Jason: What? No.

Me: Oh! Hahahaha, I must have a sixth sense or something because I definitely didn’t read it off of your status update.

Further adding to your grievances, under relationship status, one can list “married,” “engaged,” “in a relationship,” “in an open relationship,” “single” and the ever-debated “it’s complicated.” What does “it’s complicated” mean? (When is it not complicated is a better question.) “It’s complicated” could mean “I’m not over my ex” or “my ex just did time for attempted manslaughter, and I’m too fearful for my life to fully extract myself from my current relationship, which I am actually desperate to leave.”

So, yeah, I need to know, please.

And then, eventually, you’ve got to have that discussion about relationship statuses for yourself, because the first question anyone will ask you about your new “friend” is whether or not you’re “Facebook official.” Because, you know, hyperlinking your pages together makes you a real couple — it’s an act that truly attests to your ability to weather the turbulent storms of college love. If Facebook doesn’t say so, then I’m not buying it.

Assuming you manage to make it over those hurdles, Facebook only heaps more discomfort upon you once you’re actually in a relationship with said person. Who’s Rachel Skanksy? Why is she “liking” this photo of you? How come she’s commented on your wall three times in a row? There are far too many “lol”s going back and forth between you two lately. What’s up with all the emoticons, buddy?

This isn’t even to mention how incredibly awkward it is to have to “cancel a relationship” on Facebook once you’ve broken up. The hilarity of that wording aside, it does present a degree of conflict. Someone has to click that “cancel relationship” button, and unless you alert your now-exes immediately, they’re left with an “in a relationship” tag with no name after it. That makes it pretty obvious to the world that someone just got dumped. (And admit it, you’re suspicious when no page link is listed after “in a relationship.” I mean, if you don’t have a Facebook, you basically don’t exist, right? That’s what I’ve learned, at least.)

But the worst of it obviously comes after the breakup. After all, no one wants to see photos of their ex that are constantly cropping up randomly on their news feed. (By “cropping up randomly” I mean “checking their page obsessively.”) And Facebook just has to rub it in with that handy-dandy feature that reminds you of friends with whom you have not had any recent communication.

Months and months after the fact, Facebook repeatedly would continue to insist that I “reconnect with Jason!” or “leave a comment on Jason’s wall!” or “send Jason a message!”. No, thanks, there’s actually a reason I haven’t reconnected with him. It was like my life was The Truman Show, and Mark Zuckerberg was just trying to be an enormous, ironic jerk about it.

In the end, I realized that the problem was that my primary relationship was and would be with Facebook, so long as I had one. So I decided it was about time to cancel that relationship as well. And sure enough, Facebook wasn’t about to make it that easy for me to walk away — you have to Google how to delete your account, type in a Captcha to prove you’re not a robot (because no one in their right mind would delete their Facebook) and hold off on any activity for two weeks before your account is actually terminated.

Now that that mess is over, I can say it with conviction: Facebook, you were the creepiest relationship of all. I’m so glad we’re over. Signed, Catherine.

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Column: Believe the hype with Duke hoops recruit

Column: Believe the hype with Duke hoops recruit

Sports journalism is full of hyperbole.

The world of Duke sports is no different—it seems a yearly ritual, for example, for a rumor about Mike Krzyzewski being offered another job to be blown out of proportion.

So it’s a rare occurrence indeed when the nation doesn’t seem to fully recognize the momentous significance of any story, let alone one dealing with Duke, a program that always is in the national spotlight.

But that’s what seems to be happening after Austin Rivers’s verbal commitment to the Blue Devils.

The importance of Rivers’s commitment cannot be over-hyped, overvalued or over-reported. Now it seems as if Duke is the hottest program in college basketball, only a year after many analysts proclaimed the Blue Devils were taking a backseat to rival North Carolina, in a prime example of hyperbole in action.

Think about it: Around this time last year people had moderate expectations for the Blue Devils’ upcoming season, and the program had just lost out on mega-recruit Harrison Barnes. It seemed as if Duke lived in the shadow of the defending national champions down Tobacco Road.

Now the Blue Devils are themselves the defending champions. And they’re the clear cut favorites to repeat this season, and they just wrapped up arguably the best high school player in the country.

That’s an incredible turnaround, no hyperbole intended.

What’s even more important for Duke fans still smarting over the Barnes defection is that the Blue Devils out-recruited the Tar Heels for Rivers. But this time, according to Dave Telep, Scout.com’s national recruiting director, Duke was able to hold off its rival without much difficulty.

“Once he publicly decommitted from Florida, it looked to me like Duke moved into a leadership position with him that they never relinquished,” Telep said. “This one, behind closed doors, was heading Duke’s way. It would’ve been an upset of pretty big proportions if he went anywhere else.”

All this would be enough to leave Duke fans, and the program itself, feeling pretty chipper. And that’s without even mentioning Telep’s most intriguing comment regarding Rivers.

If the lockout alters the NBA collective bargaining agreement as Telep thinks it might, Blue Devil fans might get to see an NBA-caliber talent in Cameron for more than the customary year.

“Things are going to change with the collective bargaining agreement,” Telep said. “It is entirely possible that we see either a 20-year age limit instituted or we see two years in college required. People who use the term one-and-done from this point forward are putting themselves in a position to get a little egg on their faces, because one-and-done could be a term that is one-and-done after this year.”

The lockout might not just affect Rivers but his possible teammates in 2011, as well. Even if the 20-year age limit is not implemented, the possible absence of NBA basketball in 2011 could keep Kyrie Irving and Mason Plumlee in Durham for an additional year. While it’s foolish at best to try to prognosticate so far in advance, next year Duke could trot out a backcourt of Irving, Rivers, Seth Curry and Andre Dawkins, with the Plumlee brothers (all three of them) anchoring a deep front-court.

If you take into account Rivers’ potential on an actual basketball court, then this story reaches the next level.

Forget the comparisons with Barnes—Rivers could be better. He’s an extremely polished scorer, who will instantly make the Blue Devils better when he steps foot in Cameron Indoor Stadium.

“Austin’s game is extremely mature for a high school basketball player. He’s got a scoring array,” Telep said. “The easiest way to picture Austin Rivers is as a guy that’s just more advanced. It sounds very simple, but the fact of the matter is he has NBA style about him in terms of what he can do as a perimeter player.”

So there seems to be no downside to this story—Rivers’s commitment has helped reengineer Duke’s recruiting pitch, it has given fans still sore over Barnes some measure of revenge and it could lead to one of the more talented Blue Devil teams in history.

And for once, the hyperbole that will invariably be thrown around by fans, and the media, is actually merited.

Even if Rivers is still a high school senior.

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Purchasing essays online not worth the effort, prof finds

Purchasing essays online not worth the effort, prof finds

Students paying hundreds of dollars for academic papers online may be surprised by how little they get for their money.

A recent study by Dan Ariely, James B. Duke Professor of Behavioral Economics at the Fuqua School of Business, and Aline Grüneisen, associate in research at Fuqua, investigated the quality of online essay mills, which sell papers to high school and college students. Although many of the sites claim they are supposed to help students write their own papers, Ariely wrote on his blog that “with names such as echeat.com, it’s pretty clear what their real purpose is.”

Ariely and Grüneisen bought four essays for between $150 and $216 each, but they contained significant errors and passages that made little to no sense.

“The essays were completely incoherent,” Grüneisen said. The essays cited sources from Wikipedia, and one source was in Russian, she added. There were also awkward word substitutions, like the replacement of “cheating” with “deceiting.”

When the researchers asked for a refund due to the poor quality of the papers they received, one of the essay mills threatened to turn the researchers in to a University dean for using its service, Grüneisen said.

The essays the researchers bought related to how and why people cheat. One paper read, “Cheating by healers. Healing is different…. But these days fewer people believe in wizards,” to answer the assigned cheating prompt.

“If a paper [like that] was turned in, I would fail the student and take it to the honor code council,” Ariely wrote in an e-mail.

The experiment originated from a conversation Ariely had with undergraduates about honesty and challenges they face. The students mentioned Adderall, lying on resumes, plagiarism and essay mills.

Grüneisen added that the poor quality of essays produced by essay mills should be enough to keep students away from them. Grüneisen does not think essay mills are widely used, however. She said she thinks purchasing cheaper essays from friends is more common.

The Office of Student Conduct has not seen cases of essay purchasing in a couple of years, but there have been cases in the past, said Stephen Bryan, associate dean of students and director for the OSC.

Even though essay mills are not widely used at Duke, Ariely said the mere existence of the mills is a problem.

“The existence of these sites and their popularity can create what we call ‘social proof’ where people think it is okay to do this, particularly when they hear that other people are doing this,” Ariely said.

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Weed alternative poses health threat

Weed alternative poses health threat

Although alcohol remains many students’ drug of choice, some undergraduates have recently experimented with a new, “legal weed.”

K2—also known as spice, genie and zohal—is a leafy green, synthetic drug said to have effects similar to marijuana. Often marketed as incense, the drug began appearing in U.S. tobacco shops and convenience stores in late 2009.

Serious concerns about the drug have emerged in the last year after more than 500 reports were made to poison control centers across the country, according to The (Raleigh) News & Observer. Side effects have allegedly included hallucinations, elevated heart rates, vomiting and seizures.

Despite a warning label noting the product is not meant for human consumption, college students have reportedly been smoking K2 in dorm rooms across the country.

“Something you’re not supposed to smoke”

Students say that though some of their peers have experimented with the drug, few have become regular users—its reputation as an alternative to marijuana may not be deserved.

“I think a lot more people were doing it last year,” said Duke U. sophomore Will Chappell. “They were trying to give it a chance because they didn’t really know what it was.”

Smoking K2 as a substitute for marijuana has left some students disappointed. Chappell said K2 is “nowhere near as good as weed” and that he experienced an “angry high” from the drug that put him in a bad mood. Sophomore Scott Spencer said K2 had “a bad psychological effect” on him and made him feel paranoid.

Despite their unpleasant experiences, Chappell and Spencer agreed that K2 does bear some resemblance to its illicit counterpart. Spencer said the cost of K2 is comparable to that of certain kinds of marijuana, noting that the new product sells for about $15 to $20 per gram.

However, both students said they are wary of the substance’s synthetic origins.

“It’s synthesized, and it’s made from something you’re not supposed to smoke,” Chappell said, adding that he prefers not to smoke K2 because he believes it is worse than marijuana for his health.

Spencer also said K2 is not a drug he would choose to smoke often, particularly on Duke’s campus.

“If marijuana was legal, I don’t think you’d ever find someone who would prefer K2 to marijuana,” he said. “And there’s a low enough risk of getting in trouble with marijuana that it’s essentially legal on campus.”

Students seeking to try K2 normally find it readily accessible. In addition to its availability online, Chappell said last spring some students purchased the drug from Expressions, an adult and tobacco store located in Chapel Hill.

The store no longer sells the product, an employee told The Chronicle, but students say that Hazmat, a tobacco shop in Chapel Hill, sells K2. The store’s employees declined to comment on the product, noting that they were told not to talk to the media about K2 after the store’s recent appearance in a newspaper about the drug.

Unknown among administrators

Because K2 is still a legal substance in North Carolina, it is difficult for administrators to monitor.

Typically, administrators learn about drug use through situations in which students are being reprimanded, said Tom Szigethy, associate dean for students and director of the Alcohol and Substance Abuse Prevention Center . K2 is therefore more difficult to monitor.

“We’ve not seen a spike of students telling us about [K2],” Szigethy said. “The most common drug of choice, of course, is alcohol, and I would say that [marijuana] is second on the list.”

Jean Hanson, assistant director for Student Health, said there have been no known cases of Duke students being hospitalized due to the drug’s adverse side effects.

“I am not familiar with K2 and have seen no references to it in reports from the [emergency department],” she wrote in an e-mail. “I do not even know if there is a specific test for it.”

Szigethy said that in many cases, bad experiences with drugs offer an educational moment to students, allowing them to consider the reasons they felt it necessary to use the substance in the first place.

“There can [still] be implications if they kind of skirt the law—there can be negative implications on their life choices,” he said. “They’re using [drugs like K2], and… they have no idea about the long-term implications of using this substance.”

In light of its reported adverse effects, researchers at Saint Louis U., Harvard U. and U. Massachusetts have teamed up with the federal Centers for Disease Control and the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services to study how K2 affects the human body, the Associated Press reported in March.

Although K2 is still legal in many parts of the country, some states—such as Kansas and Kentucky—have banned the drug. Several other states are in the process of outlawing the product.

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‘Mancession’ brings new majority to the workforce: women

“Mancession” is the new nickname being thrown around for the recession that began in 2007. The nickname stems from the victims of job loss in the recession: mostly men.

Men account for 75 percent of the labor market that have lost jobs since 2007, according to a 2009 report by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Most of those jobs lost had been in fields such as manufacturing and construction.

This year, for the first time in American history, women make up a majority of the workforce in highly paid managerial and professional positions, holding down the fields at 51.4 percent, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Over a five-month time period in 2008, nearly 700,000 American men lost their jobs while women gained close to 300,000 jobs, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. While only 3 percent of the Fortune 500 CEO list were women, last year female CEOs out-earned their male counterparts by 43 percent and on average, received bigger pay raises.

According to the James Chung of Reach Advisers, who spent over five years analyzing data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, in 147 of the 150 biggest U.S. cities, the median full-time salaries of young women are eight percent higher than those of men in their age group. In Atlanta and Memphis, young women are making about 20 percent more. In New York City, Los Angeles and San Diego, they are earning roughly 15 percent more than young males. However, this only holds true for childless, unmarried women under 30.

The study found that the cities where young women were out-earning men were in places that either had primary local industries that were knowledge-based or were manufacturing towns where industries

had shrunk. Cities where men out-earned young women were places that tended to be built around industries that were heavily male-dominated, such as military technology or software development.

Of the 15 jobs that are projected to grow over the next decade, men are the majority in two of them: janitors and computer engineers. Women dominate the remaining 13 in jobs such as nursing or childcare.

“We need to look at how we are raising our sons and daughters,” said Chicagoan Veronica Arreola who runs the blog, Viva La Feminista. With most of the fastest growing jobs in nurturing professions, Arreola said, “If we are we telling them that only women are caretakers, then only women will go into nursing. We need to get to the point where male nurses are respected as much as male doctors.”

While not all of these jobs are essentially high paying, they can lead towards a steady accumulation of working women. But not all believe this is good economically.

“Who said that being a home health assistant is a good job? It is a very low paying job,” said Dr. Claudia Goldin, the director of the American Economy program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, “Just because a sector is growing does not mean that it has lucrative jobs.”

While women have surpassed men in the workforce as a whole, in some fields their numbers are declining. In finance, 2.6 percent of women have disappeared from the industry while men have grown by 9.6 percent, finds the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

At the same time that blue-collar jobs historically done by men are becoming hard to find, higher education is being dominated by women. This is giving way to a new dynamic in the white-collar workforce.

Thirty years have passed since women started to receive more bachelor’s degrees then men. Since then, the gender gap in college enrollment has continued to grow. At DePaul University, only 41 percent of last year’s entering freshman class were male.

“We were just held back for so long, it was a pressure building up,” said Arreola. “On some level, women know that they need this college degree to even survive in this economy,” said Arreola.

As the proportion of male and female college enrollment continues to grow, instances of an affirmative action-type method have quietly begun to spring up. Several schools such as the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have asked if it is time to institute affirmative action for men.

Being male raises the chance of college acceptance by 6.5 to 9 percentage points in selective liberal-arts schools, found economists Sandy Baum and Eban Goodstein in a 2003 study.

In December, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights said it would investigate whether some colleges were discriminating against women in admissions by admitting males at a higher rate or by offering them more generous aid packages.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 bars gender discrimination in all education programs at institutions receiving federal funds. But this does not apply to private institutions.

In a 2006 Op-Ed piece to The New York Times, Jennifer Delajunty Britz, who was on the board of the admission committee at Kenyon College, confessed that qualified female applicants were given hesitation in the admittance process based on their gender alone. When recalling a women applicant that was over-qualified in every realm except her middle-of-the-pool test scores, Britz wrote, “We had to have a debate before we decided to swallow the middling scores and write “admit” next to her name. Had she been a male applicant, there would have been little, if any, hesitation to admit.”

“Rest assured that admissions officers are not cavalier in making their decisions,” wrote Britz.

The growing gender gap in college enrollment has led many to speculate what is to come next in the workforce.

“Women will go into jobs that require a college education and fewer men will be able to,” said Goldin. “But there is a lot of retooling and retraining that goes on. Males mature later and many will realize at age 40 that they need better tools.”

American women are now the breadwinners or co-breadwinners in two-thirds of American households. In a survey conducted by The New York Times, when jobs are scarce, 85 percent of people polled in the U.S. believe that men should not get priority for jobs.

“Part of my Christian upbringing in a predominantly Christian nation is that God is the head of man and man is the head of the household,” said Mustafaa El-Scari, a program specialist for the Administration for Children and Families. “There are very few men in the nation that can ask their wives to stay at home because they don’t have the financial resources to do so.”

“The lines have been blurred over jobs that are supposed to be for men and supposed to be for women,” said El-Scari who heads support groups for men that are late or delinquent on child support payments. Since 2008, El-Scari said his support groups for men have seen a dramatic increase in enrollment.

The recession has made stay-at-home dads a reality, said Arreola. “Hopefully in the future, men will know they have the choice to stay at home or work. With the increase of women in the workforce, they will also know that they have that option.”

With a country composed of a growing male population who do not hold college degrees, and a recession that has diminished many blue-collar jobs, people are beginning to speculate what is to come for the American workforce.

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Professor enters mammogram debate

Contrary to recommendations from institutions urging women to undergo regular mammograms, screening mammography may increase survival rates by only negligible amounts, according to a recent study conducted by Norwegian researchers and published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Despite vocal criticism from some in the health care and policy field, Dartmouth Medical School professor of community and family medicine H. Gilbert Welch wrote in an editorial also published in the New England Journal of Medicine that the study’s results make evident that screening mammography is not one of the most important, or vital, services of modern medicine. The health risks posed by unnecessary treatment due to overdiagnosis may not be balanced by the limited decrease in mortality associated with screening, he wrote.

The technique is subject to false positive results and needless treatment, and its low level of efficiency means that 2,500 women would have to be screened for 10 years in order to avoid one cancer-related death, according to Welch.

Researchers — who focused on women between the ages of 50 and 69 — compared the death rates of a group of women who were screened every two years with those of a group who did not undergo screening, the study reported. They also compared historical groups of women from a period spanning from 1986 through 1995.

As compared with the historical screening group, the death rate for those women who had access to screening mammography was reduced by 7.2 deaths per 100,000 individuals, according to the study. The fall in the death rate for the nonscreening group was 4.8 deaths per 100,000 women.

These results suggest that the screening mammography may only reduce breast cancer mortality rates by approximately 10 percent, a number much lower than scientists had anticipated, Welch wrote in his editorial.

“That physicians are still debating the relative merits of screening mammography despite the wealth of data suggests that the test is surely a close call, a delicate balance between modest benefit and modest harm,” Welch wrote.

Because the Norwegian study monitored a combination of screening mammography and the availability of multidisciplinary medical teams, the actual reduction in mortality rates due to screening alone may be as low as 2 percent, according to Welch. This estimate is significantly lower than that of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, which presents a figure between 15 and 23 percent.

“The accuracy of mammography for different age groups is sometimes related to the different composition in the breast and age-related changes in the breast,” Steven Poplack, clinical radiologist at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, said in an interview. “For example, the proportion of fibroglandular tissue in the breast is higher for younger women. Since breast cancer usually is seen as a white object, it becomes more difficult to detect on a dense, white background.” In his editorial, Welch also outlined some potential issues with the study. The observational nature of the data and the fact that the subjects in the study may have contributed data to each group at different ages were potential sources of error, he wrote. The short follow-up time established by the researchers may also have been insufficient to monitor the effects of screening mammography fully.

In addition, the efficiency of screening mammography may have decreased over time as women have access to new means of early detection and evaluation, according to Welch.

Overall, however, widespread campaigns by organizations such as the American Cancer Society overstate the importance and effectiveness of regular mammograms, according to the editorial.

“The perception is largely the product of well-crafted public health messaging,” he wrote. “Given current data, such messaging must become more balanced.”

Mammography uses X-rays to project portions of the human breast in a two dimensional image onto a screen, according to the study. The resulting image does not take into account the three-dimensional nature of human anatomy, forcing doctors to detect abnormalities of the breast — such as early indicators of cancer — from an inexact picture.

The lack of clarity about the benefits associated with mammography suggests that women must be properly informed of downsides and capable of making their own decisions, without undue influence from physicians, according to Welch.

“No one can argue that screening mammography is one of the most important services we provide in medicine,” Welch wrote. “The time has come for it to stop being used as an indicator of the quality of our health care system.”

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Professor finds uses for coconut waste

Could a coconut car be coming to a dealership near you? If Walter Bradley’s business plan works out, it very well might.

Bradley, an engineering professor at Baylor U., discussed his efforts to develop products made from coconuts — a cheaper and more environmentally conscious alternative to conventional fibers used in car interiors — in a lecture on Friday at Dartmouth College.

In his speech, “Creating Technology to Convert Renewable Resources into Value-Added Products: The Case of the Coconut,” Bradley explained that creative engineering solutions can be a “win-win-win,” benefiting corporations, impoverished communities and the environment.

Coconuts are an “abundant, renewable resource, owned primarily by poor people in developing countries,” Bradley said. Although Bradley said he started out as a “total ignoramus when it comes to coconuts,” he was able to work with other scientists to take advantage of the coconut and create a program that made them profitable, he said.

Bradley sought to take advantage of oft-discarded portions of the coconut, particularly the husk, which composes one third of the fruit’s biomass, he said. Discarded husks become enormous piles of waste that are difficult to dispose of, as the husks do not readily burn, he said. In some countries, such as Vietnam, discarded coconut shells clog rivers, causing further environmental damage.

Traditionally, about 85 percent of the coconut husk goes unused, he said. In the worst-case scenario, when husks are burned, more pollution is added to the environment.

Bradley hopes to find an application for the burn-resistant, moisture-resistant, odor-free and hypoallergenic properties of coconut fibers that makes a profit and helps poor farmers, he said.

Together with Hobbs Bonded Fibers of Waco, Texas — which already has contracts with several automakers — Bradley said he has found a way to manufacture trunk liners, among other automotive components, by combining coconut fibers with polypropylene.

Bradley is also looking into other applications of coconut parts, including potting soil, diaper filler and fire-proof green building materials, he said.

Bradley said he was inspired to begin looking for a way to help poor communities as a way to apply his experience working with graphite epoxy, a material used on fighter jets and spacecraft.

“What could I use [my experience] for to help people in developing countries?” Bradley said. “At the time I really didn’t have any idea, because I knew developing countries really did not need graphite epoxy.”

Fifty billion coconuts per year are grown in a band 20 degrees north and south of the equator around the world, where the majority of inhabitants, except those of Singapore, are poor subsistence farmers, according to Bradley. Bradley explained that most coconut farmers have an average annual income of about 500 dollars and about five or six children.

“Most coconut farmers have two to four acres,” Bradley said. “Every time they have a family with two or three sons, the acres get smaller and smaller and smaller.”

Ultimately, the cycle of poverty continues, as parents cannot afford to pay for the auxiliary costs of school — books and uniforms — even when the education itself is free, he said.

Bradley received funding for his efforts from the National Science Foundation. Prior to teaching at Baylor, Bradley was the department head of Texas A&M University’s mechanical engineering department.

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Flood sweeps pumpkins into river

Flood sweeps pumpkins into river

Ellen Anderson, a Dartmouth College student, said she was a little bewildered when her roommates returned from their Saturday morning boat trip with armloads of pumpkins. Weekend flooding sent an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 pumpkins surging down the Connecticut River into the waiting arms of Dartmouth students and Upper Valley residents alike.

The pumpkin deluge began when heavy rains caused the Connecticut River to swell from a flow of 2,000 cubic feet per second on Thursday morning to a 44,000 cubic feet per second torrent by Saturday morning — nearly two feet above the river’s flood stage, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

The river’s waters covered approximately 70 percent of Gladstone Farm’s fields in Fairlee, Vt., where the majority of the pumpkin crop had been harvested for delivery, the Valley News reported. The loose pumpkins were swept away by the waters.

This is the second time Gladstone’s pumpkin crop has been swept away by flooding since 2005, according to the Valley News.

Gladstone Farm could not be reached for comment.

The family-run Gladstone Farm grows corn and alfalfa, and raises dairy cows and riding horses, in addition to harvesting pumpkins, according to the website of Keep Local Farms, a program that advocates for the consumption of local produce.

Roy Mark, owner of Wellwood Orchards, Inc., another local producer of pumpkins, expressed sympathy for the owners of Gladstone Farm. Despite the thousands of free pumpkins floating around the Upper Valley, he said he was confident they would not affect his farm’s business.

Norwich, Vt., resident Brian Tompkins, advisor to Panarchy undergraduate society, warned that flood conditions on the Connecticut River had made taking canoes and other boats on the Connecticut River difficult and dangerous.

“I found a capsized canoe floating down the river,” Tompkins said. “When I turned it over, I found it stuffed to the gunnels with pumpkins, with a digital camera inside.”

Graham Clarke, a Hanover resident who used his motorboat to collect approximately 50 pumpkins with his family, echoed the sentiment about the river’s dangers.

“It would have been dangerous to go out in a canoe,” he said. “The river was raging.”

Trevor Scott, a member of the men’s rowing team, said the river’s strong currents made rowing upriver much more difficult than usual, although the pumpkins bobbing in the water provided amusement for the team.

“Occasionally we hit a pumpkin with an oar,” Scott said. “Our coxswain pretended it was a video game, like Mario Kart.”

Ali Procopio was one of the many Dartmouth students who journeyed to the river to collect pumpkins using canoes from the Ledyard Canoe Club.

“It was absurd,” Procopio said. “How many people have done this in their lives? What are the chances that there are pumpkins floating down the river?”

Anderson now has a teetering pile of pumpkins on her coffee table, pumpkins strewn across the floor of her apartment and pumpkins precariously lined up on her steps.

“We’re going to carve them for Halloween,” Anderson said, with an ear-to-ear smile.

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